Frequency shift receiver



J. B. ATwooD Filed oet. 2o, 1951 FREQUENCY SHIFT RECEIVER Oct. 6, 1953 lNVENTOlR ATTORNEY Patented Oct. 6, 19`53 assessor` FREQUENCY SHIFT RECEIVER John B. Atwood, RiverheadN. Y., assignor to Radio Corporation of Delaware of America, a corporation Application October 20, 1951, Serial No. 252,384

14 claims.

This invention relatesto a receiver for receiving frequency shift radio telegraph signals, and more particularly to such a receiver which provides improved reception of frequency shift signals in the presence of multipath transmission signals being received from a remote transmitter.

`Frequency shift signals comprise marking characters represented by current of one frequency and. spacing characters represented by current of another frequency. These two frequencies may be separated from each other by several hundred cycles. The signals also have characteristics of on-off telegraphy since they are alternatively present.

` In certain type of receivers for such frequency shift signals, separate channels are provided (by means of respective tuned filters) for the mark and space frequencies and a relay or trigger circuit is connected to the outputs of these channels somewhat differentially, in such manner that the relay will be thrown one way for spacing signals and the opposite way for marking signals.

`In long distance radio communication via the ionosphere it has been found that waves from the transmitting antenna are picked up` by the receiving antenna after travelling `over paths of different length. This is known as multipath transmission. It is not uncommon, because of this, for waves over the shortest and longest sigunifcant paths, which have left the transmitter at the same time, to arrive at `the receiver at times which differ by as much as several milliseconds. For example, assume that a signal over one such path arrives at the receiver two milliseconds later than the signal over another path.

Both of these path signals are present in the receiver, one or the other being the stronger depending upon momentary conditions of the transmission paths. Because of this time difference, the later received signal will in effect T change from mark to space frequency, and vice versa, two milliseconds later than the earlier received signal. Therefore, during this two millisecond interval, both mark and space frequencies are present simultaneously in the receiver. i

When both frequencies are present simultaneously in a frequency shift receiver of the type above described, which occurs at the trailing edges of the mark and space characters, the receiver output relay will not reproduce the correct lengths of keying characters as transmitted, since it will hold over too long on one side or the other.

An object of -this invention is to devise a novel receiver for frequency shift signals in which the effects of multipath transmission onthe recorded signal are substantially elimirjiated,` l

` `Another object is to provide a radio receiver for `frequency shift signals in which separate channelsare utilized for mark and space frequen-` cies and in which the deleterious effects of multipath transmission on the recorded signal are substantially entirely eliminated.

The foregoing and other objects of the invention will be best understood from the following description of an exemplication thereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawing, wherein the single figure is a schematic representation of a circuit according to this invention.

The present invention is based on the logical assumption that the leading edge of each mark or space character arrives at the receiver with correct timing and that it is the trailing edge of each character which is elongated by the multipath transmission.

Briefly, the objects of this invention are accomplished in the following manner: A bistable or balanced trigger circuit or locking circuit, Whose output controls a utilization device, has i-ts input coupled to a pair of gating tubes (in turn respectively supplied with the outputs of the mark and space channels) in such a way that the leading edge ofthe mark (or space) character trips the trigger circuit and the output of the space (or mark) channel is disconnected from the trigger circuit until the multipath (overlapping of mark and space characters) has cleared. Thereafter, the circuit puts itself in such a condition that the leading edge of the space (or mark) character will reverse the operation, tripping th trigger circuit the `other way.

Referring to the drawing, there is shown only a portion of the receiver for frequency shift signals with which the circuit of this invention may be used. The receiver includes a rst output `circuit from the mark amplifier, comprising leads I and 2, and a second output circuit from the spa-ce amplifier comprising leads 3 and Il. These two output circuits of the receiver may be considered as separate channels for the mark and Space frequencies, the frequencies being separated by differently-tuned mark and space lters which feed the respective mark and space ampliliers. The circuit of the invention includes a bistable locking or trigger circuit shown Within the dotted-line box. The output of the `trigger circuit 6l! is connected to a utilization device, herein designated tone keyer, via resistor 52. One input of the trigger circuit 6B is coupled to the mark channel of the receiver over a path which includes a gate circuit l 6, 2 l, a full-wave rectifier 6, 'l and a transformer 5. The other input of the trigger circuit 6!! is coupled to the space channel of the receiver over a path which includes a gate circuit 32, 31, a full-Wave rectiier I0, II and a transformer 9. One full-wave rectifier comprises diodes 6 and 1. The other full-wave rectifier comprises diodes I and II. Obviously, any suitable rectiers may be used instead of the vacuum tube diodes shown. t

By means of transformer 5, the ends of the secondary of which are 4coupled to the anodes of respective diodes 6 and 1, the output of the mark amplier (which may be of intermediate frequency pulsating in accordance wi-th 'the keying) is rectiiied in full-Wave manner to produce a negative voltage on the lead 8 y`("con`n'ected to the midpoint of the secondary of transformer 5) in response to the appearance of marking characters. By means of transformer "9, the 'en-ds of the secondary of which are coupled to the anodes of respective diodes I0 and II, the output of the space amplifier (which may be of intermediate frequency pulsating in accordance with the 'keying) is rectified in full-wave manner -to produce a negative voltage on the -lea'd -I2 (connected to the midpoint of the secondary of transformer 9) in response to the appearance of V'spacing characters.

`Instead of a single receiver for the frequency shift signals, a frequency shift keying (FSK) diversity receiver may be used, fsu'ch 'as that disclosed inthe copending Trevor application, Serial No. 106,465, 'led July 23,1949, which application ripene'd on November 25, 1952, into Patent No. 2,619,587. In this Vlatter event, a plurality of mark amplifiers, Ione for "each diversiti7 receiver, are fed fron respective dinark filters, one 'for each diversity receiver, lwhile an equal number of space amplifiers, 'one forfeacl'idiversity receiver, are fed from respective 'space lters, one lfor each diversity receiver. 'In this latter event, a plurality of rectifying arrangements similar to elements 5, -6 and 1 would be vprovided for the mark ampliiiers, with the midpoint's of the "secondari'es of all the 'mark transformers (corresponding to connected to lead f8. Also, a plurality of rectifying arrangements similar to elements il, TI] and II would be provided for the space amplifiers, with the nidpo'ints 'of the secondaries ofA all the space transformers (corresponding to 9) connected to lead I2. v

The negative voltage appearing 'on lead 8 in response to a vmarking character is vfiltered by a iilt'er network 13 and coupled byr'ieans of a coupling network 'I4 to the grid I5 of a tide electrode structure I6, 'which may be 'one-half of a 'type `6SL7 vacuum tube. Structure I6 may be thought of as 'an elecftrdn` discharge gating device. vThe anodeof tube `I6 is "connected through a load resistor I-'I to 'the positive terminal of 'a source of 'unidirectional potential, of -250 volts, for example, and voltage is taken from across this resistor through a coupling capacitor I8 and applied to the grid 'I9 of a 'triode electrode struc',- ture lZIJ, which 'may lbe one-half of a type GSL? Vvacuum tube. l y s A control vtriode electrode structure or electron discharge device 2 I which may be the other half of the tube of which structure I6 forms one half, has its cathode connected to the cathode 22 of structure I6, and these two cathodes are connected through a common cathode resistor 23 to ground. The anode 24 of structure 2| is connected directly to the -positive Z50-volt terminal. By these connections, the flow of current in tube 2I is made to produce a voltage drop across -cathode resistor 23', this voltage drop bf?- 'the unidirectional source and the other end of which 4cio'n'r'iected to the junction point of elements 25 and I9.

The negative voltage appearing on lead I2 in response to a spacing character is iiltered by a filter network I29 and coupled by means of a 'coupling network 30 to the grid 3l of a triode electrode structure 32, which may be one-half of 'a type 6SL'1 vacuum tube. Structure 32 may be termed an electron Idischarge gating device. The anode "of ltube 32 is 'connected through a load resistor 33 to the positive terminal of a Source of unidirectional potential, of 250 volts, for example, and voltage is taken from across this resistor through Aa 'coupling capacitor 34 and applied to the grid 35 of a triode electrode structure 36', which n'ay be the other half 0f the tube o'f which structure fz'o frns one naif.

-A Econtrol triode electrode vstructure or electron l"disclfalrg'e 4'device 31, which may be the dtherhalf'of the tube'of which structure 32 forms one half, has its lcathode connected to the cathode 38 'of 'structure 32, and these two cathodes are connectedv through a common cathode resistor "39to kThe anode v4i) of structure 31 Vis connected directly to the positive Z50-volt terminal. By these connections, the i'lo-w of current in tube `31 is made to produce a voltage drop across 'cathode :resistor 39, this voltage drop being 'utilized as a biasing voltage in the gridcathode c i'rc'ui't of tube 32, thus controlling the state 0f conduction in tube 32.

resistor 4"I Vand 'a 'capacitor 42 are connected in Vvseries in that order between grid 35 and ground, 'and the junction point of elements 4I -and 42 is connected to grid 43 of structure 31. Negative bias is provided 'oln grids 35 and 43 through `a resistor 44 one "end of which is connected to a potential 'point of minus 14 volts on the unidirectional :source and the other end of which is connected tothe junction point of elements 4I and '35.

uElen'ztrode structures 20 and 36 are arranged in a bistable locking or trigger circuit, that is, one having two conditions of electrical stability. In this Vlocking circuit the anode 45 of tube 2i) is coupled tothe 'grid '35 of tube 36 by a resistor 46, while the 'anode 41 of tube 36 is coupled to the 'grid I9 of tube 2]) by a resistor 43. The cathfo'des 'ofy 'the tubes 20 and 36 are connected to ground by the common resistor 4e. Ancde a5 is connected to the positive source of potential of 250 volts through a resistorm56, while anode 41 is connected to this same positive source through a resistor 5I.

The locking circuit or trigger circuit described, including tubes 20 and 36, is quite similar to that disclosed in the expired Finch Patent #1,844,950. In general, it may be stated that when current is caused to ow in tube 20 a tripping or switching or triggering action takes place to cut on the vcurrent in tube 36. When for some reason current ilow is'initiated in tube 36 the reverse operation takes place to cut oil" the tube 20. The electrode structures 20 and 36 are interco-upled by the connections described and are alternatively conductive because when `the anode potentialof one thereof drops because of current flow therein the grid of the other thereof becomes more negative to cut oli current in the other tube. Thus, this arrangement constitutes a locking circuit having tw'o conditions of electrical stability, in which the flow `of current in one electrode structure causes a cessation of current in theother electrode structure, and vice versa.

Grid 35 of tube 36 is connected to the grid of a `suitable tone keyer through `an isolating resistor 52, so that voltage changes on grid 35 are applied to the tone keyer grid. The tone keyer grid is operated from about zero to a negative potential,` negative potential on this grid representing mark status and zero representing space status.

The operation of the circuit of this invention will now be described. Starting at a given instant of time, assume that tube I6 is conducting and tube 2| is cut off, tube 32 being cut off and tube 31 conducting. How this is brought about will become apparent hereinafter. The leading edge of the mark character results in the production of a negative voltage on lead 8, which voltage is applied to grid I5 of tube I6 to make this grid go negative. This decreases the anode current in tube I6, causing the voltage at the anode of said tube to go in a positive direction, the resulting positive pulse being fed through capacitor I8 to the grid |9 of tube 20. As previously stated, tubes 20 and 36 and their associated resistors comprise a trigger circuit or locking circuit.

The positive pulse applied to grid I9 of tube 2U trips the locking circuit so that tube 2|) is conducting and tube 36 is cut-orf or non-conducting. The voltage at anode 45 may vary, for example, from plus 140 volts when tube 20 is non-conducting to plus 50 volts when this tube is conducting. Tube -20 now being conducting, the iiow of anode current through resistor 50 causes a large voltage drop thereacross, so that the grid 35 of tube 36 is now negative with respect t ground (it may be seen that grid 35 is connected to an intermediate point on a voltage divider network consisting of resistors D, 46 and 44 connected between plus 250 volts and minus 14 volts). Since grid 35 is connected to the tone keyer grid through isolating resistor 52 and since grid 35 is at this time negative with respect to ground, the tone keyer is then on mark status and produces a tone output for mark.

Once the trigger circuit has been tripped to mark condition (tube 2|) conducting and tube 35 cut off) by the leading edge of the mark signal, the mark input circuit to the trigger circuit should be disconnected or gated closed and the space input circuit should be connected or gated open, so as to receive the following space signal. However, this should not be done immediately because there is an elongated trailing edge due to multipath transmission on the previous space signal, which means that the space signal may be still present. If the input circuit transfer took place at once the multipath on the trailing edge of the previous space signal would produce another andfalse operation of the trigger circuit or locking circuit. Hence, a delay must be introduced which is as long as possible to allow for multipath elongation of the preceding space signal and yet short enough to allow the input circuit transfer to take place before the following space signal or character arrives. When tube 20 conducts (in response to `the leading edge of the mark signal) its grid I9 is maintained at a positive potential with respect to ground (the voltage of approximately 'vo1ts obtaining at anode 41 when tube 3B is cut o being then applied to one end of the series voltage divider 48, 128 and grid I3 being connected to an intermediate point on this divider the opposite end of which is connected to minus 14 volts) and this positive potentialis applied to the grid 21 of tube 2| through the time delay circuit consisting of resistor 25 and capacitor 2li.` After a predetermined time delay or time interval determined by the constants of this time delay circuit, tube 2| is caused to conductby the positive potential thus applied to its grid 21. When tube 2| is cut oi and tube |6 is conducting, the potential of cathode 22 and ofthe cathode of tube 2| is approximately plus 2.0 volts; when tube 2| is caused to conduct in the mannerI described, the flow of current through common cathode resistor 23 raises the potential of cathode 22 to approximately plus 6.5 volts, thus biasing oil or cutting oi tube I6. Since a negative voltage appears on lead 8 in response to mark, the application of this voltage to tube I6 (which is now cut 01T) produces `no eiiect on this tube; the mark input circuit is thus disconnected or gated off from the trigger circuit.

The cathodes of the tubes 20and 36 are connected together and remain at a potential of approximately plus 4 volts as current is switched from one to the otherof these tubes. When tube 36 is stripped to the non-conducting condition (in response to the leading edge of the mark signal) its grid 35 is brought to a negative potential with respect to ground (the voltage of approximately 50 volts obtaining at anode 45 when tube 20 con- 'ducts being then applied to one end of the series :voltage divider 45, 44 and grid 35 being connected to an intermediate point onithis divider the opposite end of which isconnected to minus 14 volts) and this negative potential is applied to the grid 43 of tube 31 through the time delay circuit consisting of resistor `4| and capacitor 42. After a predetermined time `delay or time interval determined by the constants of this time delay circuit,

tube 31 is cut olf by the negative potential thus applied to its grid 43. `When tube 31 is cut ofi" the potential of cathode 38 and of the cathode of tube 31 is approximately plus 2.0 volts; this cathode potential is insuiiicient t0 bias off tube 32 and hence tube 32 is caused to conducty in readiness for the next space character.

When the space character leading edge arrives, a negative voltage is produced on lead I2, which voltage is applied to grid 3| of tube 32 to make this grid go negative. This decreases the anode current in tube 32, causing the voltage at the anode of said tube to go in a positive direction, the resulting positive pulse being fed through capacitor 34 to the grid 35 of tube 36.

The positive pulse appliedto grid 35 trips the locking circuit so that tube 36 is conducting and ltube 20 is cut off or non-conducting. Tube 20 now being cut ofi?, the voltage at anode 45 thereof rises to approximately plus 140 volts and the potential of grid 35 rises to zero or goes positive from its former negative value, since it is coupled to anode 45 through a voltage dividing network including resistor 46. Since grid 35 now has a zero or positive potential, the tone-keyer is then on space status and produces zero tone output for space.

Once the trigger circuit has been tripped to space condition (tube 36 conducting and tube 2|) cut oirby the leading edge of the space signal, the space input circuit to the trigger circuit should be disconnected or, 'gated closed and -the markv inputgcircuit should be gated open, so as to receive thel following mark sig-nal. However, this should, not be done immediately because there isY an elongatedy trail-ing. edge due to multipathv transmission onI the previous mark signal, which means ,that the mark signal may be still present. If the input circuit transfer took place at once the multipath on the trailing edge of the previous mark signal would produce another andfalse` operation of the trigger circuit or locking circuit. A delay is. therefore introduced which is as long asV possible to allow for multipath elongation of. the preceding mark signal and yet short enough to allow the input circuit transfer to take place before the following mark signal or character arrives. When tube 30 con.- ductsin response to the leading edge of the space signalits grid 3-5 is maintained at a positive potential with respect to ground (the voltage of approximately 140 volts obtaining at anode 45 when tube is cut oli being then applied to one end of the series voltage divider 46, 44 and grid 35 being connected to an intermediate point on this divider the opposite end of which is connected to minus 14 volts) and this positive potential: is applied to the grid 43 of tube 3l through the time delay circuit` 4|, 42. Tube 3l is thus caused to conduct after a predetermined time delay or time interval determined by the constants of circuit 4|, I42, raising the potential or cathode 38 to approximately plus 6.5 Volts, cutting off or biasing off tube 32. Since a negative voltage appears on lead; I2 in response to space, the application of this voltage to tube 32 (now out olf) produces no effect on this tube; the space input circuitis thus disconnected or gated off from the trigger circuit.

Y When tube 20 is tripped to the non-conducting condition (at the leading edge of the space signal)v its grid I9 is brought to a negative potential with respect to ground (the voltage of approximately 50 volts obtaining at anode 4l when tube 36 conducts being then applied to one end of the series voltage divider 48, 28 and grid I9 being connected to an intermediate point on this divider thevopposite' end of which is connected to minus 14 volts) and this negative potential is applied to the grid 27 of tube 2| through the time dela-y circuit 25, 26. Tube 2| is thus cut off after a predetermined time delay or time interval determined by the constants of circuit 25, 26, lowering the potential of cathode 22 to approximatelyv plus 2.0 volts; thisV cathode potential is insuicent toA biasv off tube I6 and hence tube I6 is caused to conduct,l in readiness for the next mark character.

Since the description of operation of the circuit started orf with the assumption that tube I6 is conducting and tube 2| cut off, tube 32 being cut off` and tube 3l conducting, the description of the circuit operation is now completed.

The following values of some circuit components are given merely by way of example and not by way of limitation. rThese were the values used in a circuit according to this invention which was built and successfully tested.

Resistor Il s ohms 120,000 Resistor 23 do 2,700 Resistor 25 megohm 1 Resistor 28r ohms 27,000 Resistor 33 do 120,000 Resistor 39 do 2,700 Resistor 4| Y megohm 1 Resistor 44 ohms 27,000

8 Resistor 46; ohms 150,000 Resistor 48 do 150,000 Resistor 49 do 2,200 Resistor 50 do 100,000 Resistor 5| do 100,000 Resistor 52 megohm 1 Capacitor |8 mfd .005 Capacitor 26 mmfd 500 Capacitor 34 1nfd .005 Capacitor 42 mmfd 500 What is claimed is:

1. In a receiver for frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and space signals, a' locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and cornprising a pair of intercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in lthe other structure, and vice versa, means for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to' cause;- current flow in one structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, a controllable circuit for applying the other detected signal to said locking circuit to trip the same toits other condition, and circuit controlling means responsive to the flow of current in said one structure for effectively closing said controllable circuitl at the end of a predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one: condition.

2. In a receiver forY frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and' spacev signals, a locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and comprising a pair of intercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in the other structure, and' vice versa, a controllable circuit for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to cause current flow in one structure and a cessation of current flow in the other structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, circuit controlling means responsive to the cessationy of current flow in said other structure for'eifectively opening said controllable circuit at theA end of a predetermined Atime interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit: to said one condition, and means for applying' the other detected signal to said locking circuit to trip the same toits other condition.

3. In a receiver for frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and space signals, a locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and comprising a pair of int'ercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in the other structure, andy vice versa, a controllable circuit for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to cause current W in one structure and a cessation of current iiow in the other structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, circuit controlling means responsive to the cessationv of current flow in said otherstructure for' effecting control of said controllable circuit at the end of a rst predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one condition, a controllable circuit for applying the other detected signal. to said locking circuit to trip the same to its other condition, and circuit controlling means responsive to the flow of current in said one structure for effecting control of said last-named controllable circuit at. the end of a second predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one condition.

4. A receiver in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first-named controllable circuit is effectively opened at the end of the rst time interval.

5. A receiver in accordance with claim 3, wherein the last-named controllable circuit is effectively closed at the end of the second time interval.

6. A receiver in accordance with claim 3, wherein the iirst-named controllable circuit is effectively opened at the end of the rst time interval, wherein the last-named controllable circuit is effectively closed at the end of the second time interval, and wherein the first and second time intervals are approximately equal.

7. In a receiver for frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and space signals, a locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and comprising a pair of intercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in the other structure, and vice versa, means for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to cause current flow in one structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, a circuit including an electron discharge gating device for applying the other detected signal to said locking circuit to trip the same to its other condition, and control means responsive to the flow of current in one said structure for opening said gating device at the end of a predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one condition.

8. A receiver in accordance with claim 7, wherein the control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to said one structure and the flow of current through which varies the bias on said gating device.

9. In a receiver for frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and space signals, a locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and comprising a pair of intercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in the other structure, and vice versa, a circuit including an electron discharge gating device for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to cause current now in one structure and a cessation of current flow in the other structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, control means responsive to the cessation of current flow in said other structure for closing said gating device at the end of a predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one condition, and means for applying the other detected signal to said locking circuit to trip the same to its other condition.

10. A receiver in accordance with claim 9, wherein the control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to said other structure and the iiow of current through which varies the bias on said gating device.

11. In a receiver for frequency shift telegraph signals with means for separately detecting the mark and space signals, a locking circuit having two conditions of electrical stability and comprising a pair of intercoupled electrode structures, so arranged that the flow of current in one structure causes a cessation of current in the other structure, and vice Versa, a circuit including an electron discharge gating device for applying one detected signal to said locking circuit to cause current flow in one structure and a cessation of current ilow in the other structure, thereby tripping said locking circuit to one condition, control means responsive to the cessation of current ow in said other structure for closing said gating device at the end of a rst predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said lock ingcircuit to said one condition, a circuit including an electron discharge gating device for applying the other detected signal to said locking circuit to trip the same to its other condition, and control means responsive to the ow of current in said one structure for opening said lastnamed gating device at the end of a second predetermined time interval beginning with the tripping of said locking circuit to said one condition.

12. A receiver in accordance with. claim 11, wherein the first-named control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to` said other structure and the ow of current through which Varies the bias on the Erst-named gating device.

13. A receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein the last-named control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to said one structure and the iiow of current through which varies the bias on the last-named gating device.

14. A receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein the rst-named control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to said other structure and the flow of current through which varies the bias on the mst-named gating device, wherein the last-named control means comprises an electron discharge device coupled to said one structure and the ow of current through which varies the bias on the last-named gating device, and wherein the rst and second time intervals are approximately equal.

JOHN B. ATWOOD.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,075,604 Finch Mar. 30, 1937 2,086,918 Luck July 13, 1937 2,118,156 Burton May 24, 1938 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 516,099 Germany Jan. 17, 1931 

